World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF IBUPROFEN TRANSDERMAL PATCHES

2025-05-22T09:47:45+00:00

The purpose of this research was to develop a transdermal patches containing drug Ibuprofen with different ratios of Eudragit L 100, Sodium Alginate, Chitosan polymeric systems by the solvent casting method by using to Propylene Glycol as plasticizer. Different concentrations of Dichloromethane and Tween80 were used to enhance the transdermal permeation of Ibuprofen. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers studied by differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy suggested absence of any incompatibility. Formulated transdermal films were physically evaluated with regard to thickness, weight variation, drug content, folding endurance, percentage of moisture content. All prepared formulations indicated good physical stability. In-vitro permeation studies of formulations were performed by using Franz diffusion cells. Formulation F12 containing 200mg of Chitosan shows maximum drug permeation rate within 12hrs. Kinetic models were used to confirm release mechanism of the formulations. Ibuprofen release from the patch F12 followed Zero order kinetics and shows super case II transport mechanism.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF RIZATRIPTAN COLON TARGETED PULSINCAP

2025-05-22T09:23:28+00:00

The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate an Oral, site specific, Pulsatile drug delivery system containing Rizatriptan as a model drug, which can be time dependent manner, to modulate the drug level in synchrony is a member of the drug class known as statins It is used for lowering cholesterol based on chrono pharmaceutical considerations. The basic design consists of an insoluble hard gelatin capsule body, filled with powder blend and sealed with a hydrogel plug. The powder blend containing Rizatriptan, Ludiflash, lycoat, Croscarmellose sodium, MCC and talc was prepared and evaluated for flow properties and FTIR studies. From the obtained results, F12 powder blend formulation was selected for further fabrication of pulsatile capsules. Hydrogel plug was formulated in a lone and in combination of hydrophobic polymer like ethyl cellulose with hydrophilic polymers like HPMC K15M in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratios to maintain a suitable lag period and it was found that the drug release was controlled by the proportion of polymers used. The prepared formulations were evaluated for drug content, weight variation and Invitro release studies. FTIR studies confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers and Invitro release studies of pulsatile device revealed that increasing hydrophilic polymer content resulted in delayed release of Rizatriptan from the pulsincap after a predetermined lag time of 6hrs. Based on in vitro studies performed, C3F12 was found to be optimized formulation.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ITRACONAZOLE AND TERBINAFINE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS BY RP-HPLC

2025-06-05T05:21:00+00:00

A simple, accurate, and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Itraconazole and Terbinafine in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Syncronis C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.01N KH₂PO₄ buffer (pH 4.8) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 35:65 (v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a column temperature of 25°C. The detection wavelength was set at 237 nm. The retention times for Itraconazole and Terbinafine were found to be 2.2 min and 3.2 min, respectively. The method showed excellent linearity, accuracy, and precision, with %RSD values of 1.2 and 0.5, and recovery rates of 99.95% and 99.89% for Itraconazole and Terbinafine, respectively. The method is suitable for routine quality control analysis of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF DASATINIB FLOATING MICROSPHERES

2025-05-22T09:41:29+00:00

Dasatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. The present work is formulation of Dasatinib floating microspheres by using xanthan gum, Eudragit S100 and Ethyl Cellulose. All the formulations were subjected for preformulation evaluation. Results of preformulation studies, FTIR, SEM, particle size and size distribution, % yield, drug content, buoyancy time, entrapment efficiency, in vitro dissolution and release kinetics. The FTIR Spectra revealed that, there was no interaction between polymers and Dasatinib. On the basis of release data of Dasatinib formulation F12 showed a good controlled release profile with maximum entrapment efficiency because of optimum polymer concentration i.e., 1:4 ratio (Eudragit S100) with sodium alginate than other drug: polymer ratios. The invitro dissolution data for best formulation F12 were fitted in different kinetic models i.e, zero order, first order, Higuchi and korsemeyer-peppas equation. Optimized formulation F12 shows zero order drug release with Super case II transport mechanism.

RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF BETAMETHASONE AND OFLOXACIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

2025-06-05T11:40:59+00:00

A precise, accurate, and robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Betamethasone and Ofloxacin in pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. The chromatographic analysis was performed using a Phenomenex C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase comprising 0.01 N potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄) buffer at pH 4, acetonitrile, and methanol in the ratio of 60:30:10 (v/v/v). The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, and detection was carried out at 265 nm. Retention time of Betamethasone and Ofloxacin were found to be 2.1min and 4.1min. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for parameters including linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, and system suitability. The developed method proved to be simple, economical, and suitable for routine quality control analysis in pharmaceutical industries.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF NIRMATRELVIR AND RITONAVIR IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

2025-06-05T05:17:58+00:00

A simple, accurate, and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Inertsil ODS-4 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 30:70 (v/v), delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 254 nm, and the column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The retention times for Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir were found to be 2.4 minutes and 3.8 minutes, respectively. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for parameters such as system suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, and assay. The %RSD for repeatability and intermediate precision was less than 2%, confirming the method's precision. The method showed excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (r²) of 0.999 for both analytes. The recovery values ranged from 98.11% to 101.5%, confirming accuracy. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.24 μg/mL and 0.72 μg/mL for Nirmatrelvir, and 0.14 μg/mL and 0.41 μg/mL for Ritonavir, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to the assay of marketed tablet formulations, confirming its suitability for routine quality control analysis.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NANOSUSPENSION OF MACITENTAN BY EMULSIFICATION SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD

2025-05-22T09:36:47+00:00

The aim of the present work is to develop oral Nanosuspension of Macitentan by Emulsification solvent evaporation method using various Stabilizers & Surfactants such as Poloxamer-188, PVP K30, Pluronic® F-127, and SLS. Various formulation as well as process parameters were optimized in order to achieve desirable size and saturation solubility. Characterization of the prepared Nanosuspension was done with respect to particle size, zeta potential, saturation solubility, dissolution rate, morphology study (SEM), in-vitro dissolution study. Average particle size of Nano suspension of optimized formulations (NS12) was found to be 261.5 nm. From the in-vitro Diffusion studies we can say that formulation NS12 shows best drug release of 99.12±1.30%, within 30 minutes whereas all the other formulations didn’t release the drug. The drug release from the Nanosuspension was explained by the using mathematical model equations such as zero order, first order, and equation methods. Based on the regression values it was concluded that the optimized formulation NS12 follows First order kinetics.

EVALUATION OF ANTI DIABETIC AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY OF ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS

2025-06-05T11:37:41+00:00

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with increasing global prevalence, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The search for effective antidiabetic agents from natural sources is ongoing.
Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic efficacy of Alstonia scholaris in experimental models.
Methods: The study involved induction of diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats using streptozotocin (STZ) and subsequent treatment with ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris. Biochemical parameters including blood glucose, lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers were measured.
Results: Alstonia scholaris extract demonstrated significant reduction in blood glucose and improvement in lipid profile and oxidative stress markers compared to diabetic controls.
Conclusion: Alstonia scholaris exhibits promising antidiabetic and antioxidant properties, warranting further investigation.

PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ANTI-DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF BUTEA MONOSPERMA LEAVES EXTRACT IN MICE

2025-06-05T05:14:01+00:00

Depression is a significant mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest. This study evaluates the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma leaves using stress-induced depression models in Swiss albino mice. Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) were employed. The extract was administered at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight orally. The results demonstrated significant dose-dependent reduction in immobility time, indicating potential antidepressant activity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, which may contribute to the observed effects. These findings suggest that Butea monosperma leaf extract has promising antidepressant properties.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TENOXICAM GASTRORETENTIVE TABLET

2025-06-14T04:45:33+00:00

The present study successfully developed and evaluated Tenoxicam gastroretentive floating tablets aimed at providing sustained drug release and prolonged gastric retention. The preformulation and post-compression parameters confirmed the suitability of the excipients and ensured consistent tablet quality with acceptable flow properties, mechanical strength, and uniform drug content. FTIR studies indicated no significant drug-excipient interactions, affirming chemical compatibility. The in-vitro buoyancy studies demonstrated efficient floating behavior with prolonged retention over 10 hours, essential for effective gastroretentive delivery. Among all batches, formulations such as F5 and F6 exhibited optimal physicochemical and performance characteristics, making them promising candidates for further in-vivo studies and potential commercial formulation development.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF RIVAROXABAN MICROSPHERES

2025-05-22T09:31:17+00:00

Microsphere drug delivery methods have been utilized to boost effectiveness, reduce toxicity, and improve patient compliance. Additional benefits of using microspheres to deliver medications include controlled drug release, improved bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery to the desired location. In order to achieve the required therapeutic effect, Chitosan is encapsulated in a biodegradable microsphere delivery system and given orally. The benefit of microsphere formulations over traditional tablet or capsule formulations is that they increase the surface area exposed to the absorption site, boosting medication absorption and reducing drug dose frequency. An anticoagulant and the first orally active direct factor Xa inhibitor. Rivaroxaban microspheres were prepared by Ionotropic Gelation Technique using different ratios of Rivaroxaban and Sodium Alginate, along with polymers like HPMC K15M, Pectin and Chitosan. Rivaroxaban microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield, particle size. Surface morphology, flow properties, drug content and entrapment efficiency and were found to be within the acceptable range. Invitro dissolution studies of the microspheres revealed that the formulation F12 containing Chitosan as a polymer shows maximum drug release at the end of 12 hours, when compared with the other formulations. Drug release kinetics of the optimized formulation states that the formulation F12 follows zero order drug release with Super case II transport mechanism.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ANTI ULCER ACTIVITY OF ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUM IN RATS

2025-06-05T11:30:22+00:00

To investigate the anti-ulcer potential of alcoholic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum using various experimental ulcer models in rats.
Methods:
The study involved qualitative phytochemical screening and assessment of anti-ulcer activity using pylorus ligation and aspirin-induced ulcer models. Parameters measured included volume of gastric secretion, free and total acidity, and ulcer index.
Results:
The alcoholic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum demonstrated significant reduction in gastric secretion volume, free and total acidity, and ulcer index compared to controls.
Conclusion:
Anacyclus pyrethrum exhibits promising anti-ulcer activity, supporting its traditional use in gastrointestinal disorders.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF CLOBAZAM ORALLY DISINTEGRATING TABLET

2025-05-22T09:51:27+00:00

An Orally disintegrating tablet disperses readily in saliva and the drug is available in solution or suspension form for the immediate absorption and resulting in rapid onset of action. In the present research work Clobazam Oral disintegrating tablet were prepared by Direct Compression Technique using varying concentrations of Lycoat, Croscarmellose sodium and Ludiflash as super disintegrants. The formulations prepared were evaluated for precompression & post compression parameters. Form the drug excipient compatibility studies we observe that there are no interactions between the pure drug (Clobazam) and optimized formulation (Clobazam+ excipients) which indicates there are no physical changes. Post compression parameters was found to be within the limits. Among the formulation prepared the tablet containing concentration of Ludiflash shows 99.24±1.42% of the drug release within 60 min & follows first order kinetics. The overall result indicated that the formulation F12 containing Ludiflash is better and fulfilling of the needs of the Orally disintegrating tablet.

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NIMODIPINE AND METOPROLOL BI- LAYERED TABLETS

2025-06-14T04:39:52+00:00

The current study aimed to develop and assess an antihypertensive bilayer tablet combining Nimodipine and Metoprolol. Nimodipine's quick release layer was created utilizing several super disintegrants, with the optimal formula (F8) including sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant. The sustained release layer of Metoprolol was created utilizing several release retarding agents, with the optimum formula (F8) using a mix of HPMC and Xanthan gum as release retardants. Drug excipient compatibility tests employing FTIR revealed no interactions between medicines and excipients. The pre- and post-compression experiments were within approved guidelines. In vitro release investigations revealed that the Nimodipine immediate release layer in the bilayer tablet was 97.43% within 30 minutes, while the Metoprolol sustained release layer was 97.22% after 12 hours. The release kinetics were linear, and stability experiments demonstrated no changes in physical features or drug release after three months under accelerated circumstances.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF AN AROMA THERAPY ROLL-ON USING MANDARIN ORANGE PEEL (CITRUS RETICULATA) ESSENTIAL OIL

2025-05-22T09:45:06+00:00

Mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata) are cultivated on a large scale in Southeast Asia, and their peel is an excellent source of essential oil, which is largely used in aromatherapy preparations. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify mandarin essential oil, prepare it as a roll-on aromatherapy product, and conduct a thorough physical analysis. Mandarin peels were hydro distilled to extract essential oil and then examined for physicochemical properties. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 18 chemical constituents of which the major one was limonene (28.58%). The product also contained lemongrass oil, menthol, coconut oil, and camphor. Physical characteristics like viscosity, stability, specific gravity (0.91 g/mL), and antibacterial activity were measured. The formulation inhibited Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The yield of the essential oil was 0.54%, and formulation M1 showed the maximum aroma intensity with a duration of almost five hours. In general, the roll-on aromatherapy satisfied all physical assessment criteria and showed significant antibacterial activities. This indicates that mandarin essential oil can be used successfully in topical aromatherapy use for sensory and therapeutic purposes

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A ROBUST RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF BEMPEDOIC ACID AND EZETIMIBE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

2025-06-05T05:19:25+00:00

A robust, accurate, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of Bempedoic Acid and Ezetimibe in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Inertsil ODS C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) with a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer (pH 4.7) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 70:30 v/v. The mobile phase was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection was carried out at 234 nm. The retention times were 2.3 min and 3.7 min for Bempedoic Acid and Ezetimibe, respectively. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines, demonstrating excellent linearity (R² = 0.999), precision (RSD < 2%), accuracy (98.88% and 99.08% recovery), and robustness. The LOD and LOQ were 1.75 μg/mL, 5.3 μg/mL for Bempedoic Acid and 0.09 μg/mL, 0.28 μg/mL for Ezetimibe. The developed method is simple, rapid, and suitable for routine quality control analysis.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATIONOF DORAVIRINE SOLID DISPERSIONS BY USING HOT MELT EXTRUSION

2025-05-22T09:38:17+00:00

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A ROBUST RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ACLIDINIUM BROMIDE AND FORMOTEROL FUMARATE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

2025-06-05T11:39:16+00:00

A precise, accurate, and robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Aclidinium Bromide and Formoterol Fumarate in pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. The chromatographic analysis was performed using a Kromasil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), with a mobile phase comprising 0.1% perchloric acid buffer and acetonitrile in a ratio of 45:55 v/v. The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, and detection was carried out at 230 nm. The retention times were approximately 2.1 minutes for Aclidinium Bromide and 2.7 minutes for Formoterol Fumarate. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for parameters including linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, and system suitability. The developed method proved to be simple, economical, and suitable for routine quality control analysis in pharmaceutical industries

RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DARUNAVIR AND RITONAVIR IN COMBINED TABLET FORMULATION

2025-06-05T05:16:07+00:00

A simple, precise, accurate, and cost-effective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Darunavir and Ritonavir in combined tablet dosage form. The separation was carried out using a Thermo ODS C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.01N KH₂PO₄ buffer (pH 3.1) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 40:60 v/v. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and detection was performed at 260 nm. The retention times of Darunavir and Ritonavir were found to be 2.6 and 3.4 minutes, respectively. The method exhibited good linearity in the concentration range of 30–180 μg/mL for Darunavir and 5–30 μg/mL for Ritonavir, with correlation coefficients of 0.999 for both. The percentage recoveries for Darunavir and Ritonavir were 99.06% and 98.68%, respectively. The method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. The proposed method can be effectively applied for routine quality control analysis of Darunavir and Ritonavir in pharmaceutical formulations.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF NIRAPARIB AND ABIRATERONE ACETATE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

2025-06-05T11:36:17+00:00

A simple, accurate, and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Niraparib and Abiraterone Acetate in tablet dosage forms. The separation was achieved on a BDS C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) using a mobile phase consisting of sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 40:60 v/v, delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 234 nm, and the retention times for Niraparib and Abiraterone Acetate were found to be 2.8 minutes and 7.6 minutes, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and demonstrated excellent linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and system suitability. This method proved to be efficient and reliable for routine analysis of the combination product in quality control laboratories.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF IVABRADINE BUCCAL PATCHES

2025-05-22T09:29:40+00:00

Ivabradine is a HCN channel blocker used to reduce the risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure in adult patients. The present investigation is concerned with the development of the Ivabradine buccal films, which were designed to prolong the buccal residence time, to increase penetration through buccal mucosa and thus increase the bioavailability and its half life. Various formulations were developed by using release rate controlling film forming polymers like, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Eudragit and Chitosan in various combinations using plasticizer Propylene Glycol. The prepared films were evaluated for number of parameters like physical appearance and surface texture, weight uniformity, thickness of the films, folding endurance, swelling index, tensile strength, drug excipients interaction study, content uniformity, in-vitro drug release study. The FTIR studies indicate that Ivabradine showed complete entrapment within the polymer carrier bonding is suggested and there were no chemical interaction. From all the formulations, F12 shows maximum drug release at the ends of 8 hrs and chosen as optimized formulation and which follows zero order release with super case II transport mechanism.

RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CILNIDIPINE AND NEBIVOLOL IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

2025-06-05T11:28:07+00:00

A simple, accurate, and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Cilnidipine and Nebivolol in tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Hypersil BDS C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70 v/v. The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was set at 256 nm. The retention times for Cilnidipine and Nebivolol were found to be 2.3 and 2.8 minutes, respectively. The method showed good linearity in the range of 5–30 μg/mL for Cilnidipine and 2.5–15 μg/mL for Nebivolol, with correlation coefficients of 0.999. The method was validated as per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. The proposed method can be successfully applied for routine quality control of the cited drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.

REVIEW ON FORMULATION AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF BILAYER TABLETS

2025-06-14T04:36:36+00:00

Bilayer tablets have emerged as a viable strategy in drug delivery systems, with the ability to combine two unique layers with varied release patterns or drug combinations in a single dosage form. This method is particularly useful for administering incompatible medications, sequential drug release, and controlled distribution of a single active medicinal component. This paper includes a thorough discussion of formulation methodologies, bilayer tablet designs, and the issues encountered during development, such as layer separation, inadequate hardness, and cross contamination. Various approaches to addressing these issues are described, including the use of modified granulation methods and improved compression equipment. The study also emphasizes essential assessment factors including as hardness, friability, weight fluctuation, drug content homogeneity, and in vitro dissolving investigations, which are critical for ensuring the quality and efficacy of bilayer tablets. Advances in bilayer tablet technology, regulatory issues, and future prospects for pharmaceutical development are all discussed. This study intends to be a beneficial resource for academics and formulators working on bilayer tablets to improve therapeutic results.

A REVIEW: NANOPARTICLE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

2025-05-22T09:25:36+00:00

Nanotechnology” is the most recent development in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Nanopharmaceuticals are made up of goods that are nanoscale and can be altered in a variety of ways to enhance their properties. The use of nanoparticles in tissue engineering, medication transport, imaging, sensing, disease diagnostics, and treatment holds great promise for understanding fundamental biological processes. The use of nontechnology in medicine and drug administration has created new avenues and opened numerous doors to offer safer and more individualised treatment options. High stability, high specificity, high drug-carrying capacity, controlled delivery, targeted release, flexibility in using different routes of administration, ability to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules, and site-specific targeting are just a few of the many benefits that make nanoparticles more promising and efficient than traditional drug delivery systems. Drug delivery systems and numerous other sectors have seen revolutionary advances as a result of nanomaterials such as polymeric nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. In order to administer medications over longer periods of time with less frequent doses, as well as with greater precision and penetration in tissues that are difficult to reach, researchers can manipulate molecule size and surface features. This chapter provides an overview of the various kinds of nanopharmaceuticals, including their characteristics, preparation techniques, benefits, and uses in the pharmaceutical and medical industries.

A REVIEW ON: COMMELINA BENGHALESIS AN EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETICS

2025-06-05T05:27:41+00:00

A chronic metabolic disease called diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistently high blood sugar levels brought on by either decreased insulin action or secretion, or both. Particularly, the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes has spurred a great deal of study into complementary and alternative medicine. A wild herb that has long been employed in a variety of folk medicines, Commelina benghalensis (dayflower) has drawn interest among medicinal plants due to its possible antidiabetic effects. Packed with phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, C. benghalensis has a variety of pharmacological benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant properties. It has been shown in experiments to protect pancreatic β-cells in diabetes animals, increase insulin sensitivity, and regulate blood glucose levels. The purpose of this review is to gather the most recent information on Commelina benghalensis's phytoconstituents, antidiabetic action mechanisms, pharmacological investigations, dose forms, and therapeutic efficacy. The safety profile, standardisation issues, and potential for clinical translation in the future are also highlighted. C. benghalensis may be a viable natural alternative for managing diabetes, either on its alone or in conjunction with current treatments, according to its traditional use and promising pharmacological profile.

OVERVIEW ON PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES

2025-06-07T09:47:58+00:00

In the area of plant science, plant tissue culture is an innovative technique which enables for certain control over a plant's growth and development by modifying its cells, tissues, and organs in vitro. An overview regarding the main methods, procedures,and applications of plant tissue culture is provided in this abstract. The initial phase in the method involves selecting explants, which are tiny plant pieces that have been sterilized to remove impurities, such leaves, stems, or embryos. After that, these explants are cultivated in a nutritional medium that contains vitamins, hormones, and other necessary components. To promote cell division, differentiation, and organogenesis, the culture conditions such as temperature, light, and humidity are maintainedcarefully.Plant tissue culture uses several basic techniques such somatic embryogenesis, that produces embryos from somatic cells, and micro propagation, which multiplies identical plants instantaneously. In the process of regeneration,callus induction,organogenesis, and embryogenesis are critical phases. In order to generate transgenic plants with specific characteristics, genetic modification techniques such as gene transfer and editing have also been included into plant tissue culture.Plant tissue culture has a wide range of significant applications, including the propagation of plants, preservation of germplasm, preservation of endangered species, and the development of disease-free plants. In addition, it is an efficient tool for fundamental research, enabling scientists to investigate plant physiology, biochemistry, and genetics in controlled conditions.The implementation of plant tissue culture techniques has reshaped agriculture and plant biology by providing a flexible platform for modification and development of plants. The field's ongoing progress holds great potential for tackling worldwide challenges such as sustainable agriculture, preservation of the environment, and food security.

APPLICABILITY OF JALOUKA IN SHALYAJA VYADHI

2025-05-22T09:34:50+00:00

The basic Ayurvedic treatment is based on two principles. Shodhan chikitsa (Elimination Therapy) and Shaman chikitsa (Internal medicine). Shodhan Chikitsa deals with five Purificatory Procedures popularly known as Panchakarma. Acharya Susruta included Raktamokshana in Panchakarma and described it as the best procedure because it eliminates all three vitiated Doshas -Vata, Pitta & Kapha. Jalaukavacharana is a type of Raktamokshana where Jalauka are used for Raktamokshana ( bloodletting). This is considered as the unique method of Raktamokshana as vitiated Doshas are removed from the body without using any sharp instruments, so, Raktamokshana by means of ‘Jalauka’ comes under Ashastra category. Rakta vitiated by Vaat Pitta Kapha should be removed from the body by using Sringa, Jalouka,Alabu respectively. Method of removing blood from the body using Jalouka is considered as the easy and convenient method so it is manly indicated in Old, fearful ,women weak persons, delicate persons.

A SYSTAMIC REVIEW ON DRUG INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY

2025-06-03T12:10:46+00:00

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance, including pH regulation, hormonal activity, blood pressure, and waste elimination. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a common cause of kidney injury, particularly among older adults and patients with multiple health conditions. It accounts for up to 20% of
acute renal failure cases and may affect as many as 66% of olderpatients. This summary reviews different disease associated with kidney such as usuallyCrystal Nephropathy,Rhabdomyolysis,Thrombotic Microangiopathy, Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN),Chronic Interstitial Nephritis, Acute Tubular Necrosis(ATN), Chronic Interstitial Nephritis, Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN), Nephrotic Syndrome. As systematic review has been done on the drugs associated with nephrotoxicity and mechanism related to nephrotoxicity.

A Systemic Review on: FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE TABLET

2025-06-14T04:41:57+00:00

The development of gastroretentive tablets marks a significant step forward in oral drug delivery methods, particularly for medicines having limited absorption windows in the upper gastrointestinal tract, low solubility in alkaline pH, or local stomach activity. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) are intended to increase the gastrointestinal residence duration of dose forms, boosting bioavailability, lowering dosing frequency, and increasing patient compliance. This comprehensive review focuses on the many formulation options for gastroretentive tablets, including floating, mucoadhesive, swelling, high-density, and magnetic systems. The selection of suitable polymers, excipients, and technologies is crucial to achieve the necessary gastroretentive characteristics. The review also delves into assessment characteristics such as floating lag time, total floating duration, swelling index, hardness, friability, medication content, and in vitro release tests. Furthermore, in vivo imaging and pharmacokinetic investigations are critical for determining gastroretentive behavior and treatment effectiveness. This study seeks to give a complete understanding of the current methodologies and assessment methods used in the creation of successful gastroretentive tablets, ultimately leading to superior therapeutic outcomes for targeted drug administration in the stomach.