World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF REMOGLIFLOZIN AND TENELIGLIPTIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS BY HPLC

Gogikar Pooja — 2024-12-26

Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin was estimated with HPLC in a tablet dosage form, it was processed with Discovery C 18 column of dimensions 150 x 4.6 mm and 5μm. ammonium acetate and Acetonitrile was used as MP in it with a ratio of 65:35. Wavelength was identified at 210 nm. Rt of Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin was found at 2.206 and 2.646 min. %RSD of the drugs found at 0.6 % and 0.6%, with that the regression of both was seen at y = 52765x + 1014.4 and y = 73315x + 624.91 respectively, and the mean recovery was 99.70% and 99.93%. All the other paraments were validated and were observed within the limits.

NEW STABILITY INDICATING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHYMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NIRMATRELVIR AND RITONAVIR INBULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Arthi — 2025-02-19

Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir are prescribed to treat COVID-19. An cheap HPLC approach was developed and is utilized for validation. KH2PO4 and MeCN are combined in an Agilent C18 150x4.6mm, 5m column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min at a temperature of 30 oC using a 60:40 v/v ratio. Its length was 215.0 nm. Nirmatrelvir had a holding time of 2.243 hours, whereas Ritonavir took 2.815 hours. It was discovered that the %RSD was 0.5% and 0.5%. The Nirmatrelvir regression equation was: y = 58409x + 2794. It was also discovered that ritonavir was y = 59191x + 774.23. Additionally, the LOD and LOQ values were discovered, and all tests passed and met ICH criteria

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF THE SULBACTAM AND DURLOBACTAM INBULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC

Shaik Fahima — 2025-02-07

A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Sulbactam and Durlobactam in bulk and Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through phenomenexC18 250 x 4.6 mm, 5m. Mobile phase containing Buffer 0.1% OPA: Acetonotrile taken in the ratio 60:40 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 0.1% OPA. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 270 nm. Retention of Sulbactam and Durlobactam were eluted at 2.206 min and 2.871 min. %RSD of the Sulbactam and Durlobactam were and found to be 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 100.35% and 100.70% for Sulbactam and Durlobactam respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Sulbactam and Durlobactam were 0.63, 1.90 and 0.11, 0.34 respectively. Regression equation of Sulbactam is y = 15617x + 4696.6, and y = 18901x + 2971 of Durlobactam. Retention times were decreased and that run time was decreased, so the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control test in Industries.

ESTIMATION OF ANTI-OXIDANT MARKERS IN TRIPHALA TABLET AND TRIPHALA CHOORNAM BY HPTLC TECHNIQUE

Arivukkarasu R — 2025-02-15

The study aims to analyse flavonoids and phenolic acids in two indigenous herbal formulations: marketed formulation tablet, marketed formulation choornam, these formulations, commonly used in daily domestic needs, were examined to confirm the presence of antioxidant secondary metabolites in marketed formulations. Results revealed that both marketed formulation choornamontain flavonoids and phenolic acids. The developed simultaneous HPTLC method can be employed for routine investigations. The formulations were procured from a drug store and analysed for Quercetin, Rutin, Gallic acid, Tannic acid, Ellagic acid, Catechin, and Vitexin. In marketed formulation tablet, Quercetin (0.1617%), Rutin (0.41%), Gallic acid (1.60%), Tannic acid (0.51%), Ellagic acid (2.27%), Catechin (0.26%), and Vitexin (0.66%) were detected. In marketed formulation choornam, Quercetin (0.0008%), Rutin (0.85%), Gallic acid (1.0%), Tannic acid (1.06%), Ellagic acid (4.73%), and Catechin (0.56%) were found, but Vitexin was absent. In conclusion, key antioxidant markers—Tannic acid, Gallic acid, and Catechin—were present in both formulations. Marketed formulation tablet contained all tested compounds, whereas marketed formulation choornam lacked Vitexin. These findings confirm the presence of essential antioxidant constituents in both marketed formulations, reinforcing their therapeutic potential.

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF PACLITAXEL, GEMCITABINE IN PH DOSAGE FORM BY HPLC

Dr. Sunitha — 2024-12-26

Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel method validation was estimated by using Agilent column of dimension 150 x 4.6 mm, OPA: MeCN was selected as Mp in 55:45 v/v ratio. This combination was optimized at a spectrum of 256 nm. The Retention of this drugs were eluted at 2.205 and 3.080 for Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel, its RSD was 0.3 and 0.5 with in limit. And the regression was obtained at is y = 89619x + 2823.2, and y = 88164x + 5630.1 respectively. Mean recovery was achieved at 99.20% and 99.50% for Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel respectively and this method was specific with any interference of other drug peak.

FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF TELMISARTAN USINGPOLYMERS IN FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Selvaraj. S — 2025-04-24

The therapeutic effectiveness of Telmisartan an (ARB) angiotensin II receptor blocker that is often used to treatment of hypertension is limited by its low bioavailability (42–58%) and water solubility is poor. Patient compliance is decreased by the frequent dosage required by conventional formulations. To overcome these obstacles a floating drug delivery system (FDDS) that used natural polymers was created to improve telmisartan's solubility, prolonged release and stomach retention. Natural polymers with gel-forming, biodegradable and biocompatible qualities such as xanthan gum, HPMC and PEO were used. Direct compression was used to create the formulations (F1–F9) which were then assessed for buoyancy, in vitro drug release and physicochemical characteristics. The compatibility of telmisartan with excipients were evaluated by FTIR and DSC analyses. The tablets' hardness, friability and flow characteristics were all satisfactory. According to buoyancy studies total floating periods ranged from 9.5 to 11.5 hrs with floating lag times ranging from 38 to 55 seconds. Studies on drug release in vitro showed sustained release for 12 hrs with the best release patterns being shown by F3 and F9. The study comes to the conclusion that Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS) of telmisartan utilizing polymers can increase patient compliance, decrease the frequency of dose and improve bioavailability providing a viable strategy for managing hypertension.

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF MONTELUKAST AND BILASTINE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC

Dr. Ch Partiban — 2024-12-26

By using Agilent (250mm 4.6mm, 5μm) simultaneous estimation of the Bilastine and Montelukast in Tablet dosage form was established. Mobile phase containing 0.1% OPA and CH3CN in 60:40 v/v at a flow of 1.0 ml/min. Temperature maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength was 214nm. Retention time of 2.146 min and 3.259 min were found to be Bilastine and Montelukast. %RSD of the Bilastine and Montelukast were and found to be 0.4 and 1.0 respectively. %Recover was 99.85% and 99.98% for Bilastine and Montelukast. LOD, LOQ values were obtained from regression equations of Bilastine and Montelukast were 1.48, 4.47 and 0.30, 0.90 respectively. Regression equation of Bilastine is y = 15205x + 5169.6, and of Montelukast is y = 15205x + 5169.6.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF CANAGLIFLOZIN MICROSPHERES BY USING IONOTROPIC GELATION TECHNIQUE

Jyothi. G — 2025-04-02

Microsphere drug delivery methods have been utilized to boost effectiveness, reduce toxicity, and improve patient compliance. Additional benefits of using microspheres to deliver medications include controlled drug release, improved bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery to the desired location. In order to achieve the required therapeutic effect, Carbopol 934p is encapsulated in a biodegradable microsphere delivery system and given orally. The benefit of microsphere formulations over traditional tablet or capsule formulations is that they increase the surface area exposed to the absorption site, boosting medication absorption and reducing drug dose frequency. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor called Canagliflozin is frequently used to treat human immunodeficiency virus. Canagliflozin microspheres were prepared by Ionotropic Gelation Technique using different ratios of Canagliflozin and Sodium alginate, Pectin, HPMC K15M and Carbopol 934p. Canagliflozin microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield, particle size. Surface morphology, flow properties, drug content and entrapment efficiency and were found to be within the acceptable range. In vitro dissolution studies of the microspheres revealed that the formulation F12 containing Carbopol 934p as a polymer shows maximum drug release at the end of 12 hours, when compared with the other formulations. Drug release kinetics of the optimized formulation states that the formulation F12 follows zero order drug release with Super case II transport mechanism.

DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF FLAVONOIDS PHENOLIC ACIDS AND XANTHONE IN HERBAL RAW MATERIALS BELONGS FAMILY OF CAESALPINACEAE, ACANTHACEAE, MENISPERMACEAE BY HPTLC TECHNIQUE.

Arivukkarasu R — 2025-02-07

The prime aim of the study is to observe the flavonoids phenolic acid and xanthone in six commercial herbal raw materials namely Cassia lanceolata (Caesalpinaceae), Cassia auriculata flower (Caesalpinaceae), Cassia auriculata bark (Caesalpinaceae), Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae), Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae), Pachygone buxifolia (Menispermaceae). family respectively used in daily domestic needs to confirm the presence of common antioxidant secondary metabolites in herbal raw materials. Results of the study clearly revealed that this raw materials from the above family contains flavonoids and phenolic acids. The developed simultaneous HPTLC method can be employed for the routine investigations of flavonoids and phenolic acids in herbal raw materials and sample. The above-mentioned raw materials are procured from authenticated country shop.In Cassia lanceolata both quercetin & magniferin is absent. Cassia auriculata flower extract contains quercetin-0.49%, magniferin-0.04%. Cassia auriculata bark extract contains quercetin-1.38%, magniferin-0.06%. Andrographis paniculata extract contains quercetin-0.48%, magniferin-0.19%. Adhatoda vasica extract contain quercetin-0.57%, magniferin-0.08%. Pachygone buxifolia contain only quercetin-0.36%. In conclusion, both quercetin & magniferin present in Cassia auriculata flower, Cassia auriculata bark, Andrographis paniculata, Adhatoda vasica.In Cassia lanceolata both quercetin & magniferin is absent. Pachygone buxifolia contain only quercetin. Quercetin is present in maximum number of herbal extracts hence it possesses anti-oxidant property.

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF TENELIGLIPTIN AND PIOGLITAZONE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS BY HPLC

Dr. K. Vijayasri — 2024-12-26

By using HPLC Pioglitazone and Teneligliptin was estimated by using a Agilent C18 column with KH2PO4 together with Acetonitrile in ratio of 40:60 at a flow of 0.9ml/min. the ideal wavelength was detected at 275 nm. The rt of Pioglitazone and Teneligliptin was found at 2.370 min and 2.852 min. the System precision’s RSD got at 0.4 and 0.7%. linearity conc was observed at 7.5-45μg/ml for Pioglitazone and for Teneligliptin was 10-60 μg/ml. the regression from it obtained was y = 21032x + 2298.6 and y = 19667x + 3217 respectively. Our confirmation and observation of all the Other factors were determined while staying within the limits that were defined.

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND HPTLC ANALYSIS OF ASTERACANTHA LONGIFOLIA NEES. – SEED

Dr. Mahesh Kancherla — 2025-02-07

Asteracantha longifolia Nees. is familiar as Talmakhana in Unani System of Medicine (USM). It is belongs to Acanthaceae family and its seeds have been used for nocturnal emission, renal calculus and arthralgia in USM. Based on its medicinal importance, the drug is standardized including pharmacopoeial parameters such as macroscopic, microscopy, powder study; physicochemical parameters and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography profiles were developed as per WHO norms for its quality control purpose. In this present work, we have reported pharmacopoeial, physicochemical parameters and HPTLC profiles of Talmakhana seeds as per WHO norms for the first time.

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF NIVOLUMAB AND RELATLIMAB IN PHARMACEUTICALS DOSAGE FORM BY HPLC

Dr. Divya Yada — 2024-12-26

The pharmaceutical dosage forms of the immunotherapy treatment medicine Nivolumab and Relatlimab were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A 150 x 4.6 mm Agilent C 18 column with a particle size of 5μm was utilized. Sixty percent ammonium acetate buffer and forty percent acetonitrile make up the mobile phase. A wavelength of 221 nm was identified. Nivolumab had a retention of 2.245 minutes and Relatlimab of 2.736 minutes. The relative standard deviations of the two medications were 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively; the regression lines for the two drugs were y = 76535x + 17268 and y = 78171x + 5761.7, and the Assay results for each drug were 99.64% and 99.91%, respectively. All the other metrics were verified and monitored within the specified ranges

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF TENELIGLIPTIN AND REMOGLIFLOZIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS BY HPLC.

A. Plasencia Rose Maglin — 2025-02-15

By using HPLC Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin was estimated by using a HSS C18 column of dimension 2.1 x 50mm, 1.8μm With KH2PO4 as buffer together with Acetonitrile in ratio of 40:60 at a flow of 0.2ml/min. the ideal wavelength was detected at 215 nm. The rt of Teneligliptin and Remogliflozin was found at 1.375 min and 1.736 min. the System precision’s RSD got at 1.2 and 0.6%. linearity conc was observed at 1.25-7.5 μg/ml for Teneligliptin and Remogliflozin was 12.5-75 μg/ml. the regression from it obtained was y = 11748x + 329.21and y = 4428.9x + 4002.7 respectively. Our confirmation and observation of all the other factors were determined while staying within the limits that were defined.

FORMULATION OF NOVEL NANO TRANSDERMAL USING EFFECTIVE COMBINATION OF ACYCLOVIR AND OMEPRAZOLE FOR ENHANCED ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY

Dr. Nansri saha — 2025-01-03

The current review exhibited that Acyclovir and Omeprazole nanogel were effectively evolved by dissolvable dispersion technique .pH was resolved different definition F1-F9 in that F9 have reasonable for gel planning. Drug not entirely set in stone by UV-spectroscopic technique. The arranged nanogel was obscure, with next to no knots, molecule and totals. In this way, every one of the definitions are homogenous. Spreadability measurement concentrate on F9 shown the nanogel is having great Spreadability. Nanogel plans shown consistency territory from 3268-3528 cps. It reasoned that they are steady in nature. In-vitro disintegration study was performed and showed that F9 have great disintegration rate. The molecule size, PDI and zeta potential to figure out the F9 plan. The molecule size, PDI and zeta potential was viewed as in 687.4, 0.842 and -43.7 separately. TEM picture was affirmed the state of round and smooth surface of particles at range 650 nm. Contrasting F9 nanogel definition and acyclovir advertised detailing (MF) by in-vitro discharge study. As per result planned Acyclovir and omeprazole nanogel is more effective than the promoted acyclovir salve. Subsequently from our review the acyclovir and omeprazole nanogel (F9) showed that support drug discharge than the showcased plan, so it is obvious that figuring out into nanogel results increment the counter - viral movement.

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF MEMANTINE AND DONEPEZIL IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC

Dr. Sunitha — 2024-12-26

For the reason of evaluating memantine and donepezil in tablet dose form simultaneously, a simple, accurate, and precise technique was established. An Agilent 150mm 4.6mm 5μ filter was used to perform a chromatogram. A mobile phase comprising phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in a ratio of 58:42 with flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. A constant 30°C was maintained. The ideal wavelength for memantine and donepezil was 294 nm. Memantine's and donepezil's retention times were discovered to be 2.190 and 2.968 minutes, respectively. The percentage RSD for memantine, donepezil was determined to be 0.9 and 0.3, respectively. For memantine and donepezil, recovery was obtained at 99.94% and 99.84%, respectively. Regression models for memantine and donepezil yielded LOD and LOQ values of 0.07 ppm, 0.20 ppm and 0.01 ppm, 0.04 ppm, respectively. The regression equations for memantine (y = 9960.2x + 51.857) and donepezil (y = 9514.8x + 793.79)

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF CLOBAZAM ORAL THIN FILMS

Jyothi. G — 2025-04-02

Fast dissolving drug delivery system offers a solution for those patients having difficulty in swallowing tablets/capsules. The present research work is to develop oral thin films of Clobazam by using solvent casting method. Oral thin films were developed by using various super disintegrants like Ludiflash and crospovidone in different concentrations with Gelatin, Poly vinyl alcohol as a film forming agents. The prepared formulations of films were evaluated for film thickness measurement, folding endurance study, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vitro drug release pattern (in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer). Drug content, and drug-polymers interaction study (IR spectroscopy). Among all formulations, the formulation (F12) prepared by 180 mg of Ludiflash show good drug release (99.85±1.17%). The Optimized formulation F6 follows first order.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL CREAM CONTAINING “CARICA PAPAYA LEAF EXTRACT” FOR THE TREATMENT OF ONYCHOMYCOSIS

Asha A Patil — 2025-02-07

The current study focuses on formulation and evaluation of an antifungal cream derived from Carica papaya leaf extract for the treatment of onychomycosis, a prevalent fungal nail infection. In this study, alcoholic extraction was efficiently isolated the active components from Carica papaya leaves with key components such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins which confirm the antifungal properties of the extract. The cream was prepared using an emulsifying base such as bees wax and cetosterol alcohol and evaluated for various parameters including pH, viscosity, spreadability, washability, and antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans through zone of inhibition. The results from the study indicated that formulation F3 demonstrated several desirable properties, both in terms of physical characteristics and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation offers a holistic, natural alternative to conventional antifungal treatments, with good physical properties, effective antifungal performance, and minimal side effects.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF RIFAMPICIN - ASCORBIC ACID LOADED PLGA NANOPARTICLES

Dr. Nansri saha — 2024-12-26

The point of the current paintings turned into to restriction or stop the debasement of rifampicin, the antitubercular drug in gastric pH situation to work at the power and helpful adequacy of the drugs. The evaluate become carried out via getting equipped Rifampicin stacked PLGA nanoparticles using ascorbic corrosive as a cellular reinforcement. Dug stacked nanoparticles were synthetic by a multistep emulsion approach and assessments of the arranged nanoparticles were then completed through special techniques. In this examine 4 kinds of information have been geared up. Definition 1 (F1) is rifampicin alone stacked PLGA nanoparticles, detailing II (F2) is rifampicin - ascorbic corrosive (1:1) stacked PLGA nanoparticles, plan III (F3) is rifampicin - ascorbic corrosive (1:2) stacked PLGA nanoparticles and plan IV (F4) is rifampicin - ascorbic corrosive (1:3) stacked PLGA nanoparticles. The evaluation presumed that ascorbic corrosive can restriction the corruption of rifampicin in acidic pH circumstance and on this way works at the dependability and bioavailability of rifampicin. The results likewise show that there is a measurably huge alternate inside the fee drug debasement profile while the centralization of ascorbic corrosive changed into multiplied.

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF GENERALISED PUSTULAR PSORIASIS WITH AYURVEDA SHAMAN CHIKITSA: A CASE REPORT

Shalini Rai — 2025-02-07

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is an extreme form of rare psoriasis type, characterized by episodes of macroscopic, sterile pustules. It mostly occurs in adults, with female preponderance, and peak incidence between 40 – 59 years of age, though paediatric cases are also reported. It is also often associated with multisystem involvement and presentations like polyarthritis, metabolic syndromes. We report a case of generalised pustular psoriasis suffering since more than one year, treated successfully with Ayurvedic oral and topical medicines only. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case report of pustular psoriasis managed with shaman chikitsa. The patient is totally symptom free and leading a healthy life without any recurrence, till date.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY THROUGH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS

Dr. Divya Yada — 2025-02-08

Inflammation is a complex biological response of the immune system to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Chronic inflammation is associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Anti-inflammatory agents aim to modulate or suppress inflammation, thus providing therapeutic benefits. This paper explores the in vivo and in vitro models used to study anti-inflammatory mechanisms and evaluate the efficacy of potential anti-inflammatory agents. In vitro models, such as cell cultures and cytokine assays, provide controlled environments to study specific molecular and cellular pathways. In contrast, in vivo models, including animal studies, offer insights into systemic responses and pharmacokinetics. A comprehensive understanding of these models is critical for developing effective anti-inflammatory therapies. This review highlights the advantages, limitations, and applications of both in vivo and in vitro approaches, providing a framework for selecting appropriate models in preclinical research.

PERRAULT SYNDROME: THE GENETIC PUZZLE

Pavan Kumar Padarthi — 2025-03-27

Perrault syndrome (PS) is a rare and complex hereditary disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and ovarian dysfunction, affecting both males and females. Named after French physician Louis-Charles Perrault, who first described it in 1951, PS manifests through many symptoms. Key genetic contributors include mutations in HSD17B4, HARS2, CLPP, LARS2, ERAL1, and TWNK, all associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. These genetic anomalies impact mitochondrial energy production, DNA maintenance, and cellular homeostasis, leading to symptoms of SNHL, ovarian dysfunction, and neurological abnormalities. This literature review explores the clinical presentations, genetic pathways, diagnostic challenges, and current treatment approaches for PS. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search for this literature review from April to June 2024 using PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords included: Perrault syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss, ovarian dysfunction, primary ovarian insufficiency, HSD17B4, HARS2, CLPP, LARS2, ERAL1, and TWNK. Conclusion: PS remains poorly understood due to its rarity and heterogeneity. This review highlights the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in diagnosis and management, considering the physical and psychological impacts on patients and their families. The necessity for increased research efforts, improved clinical awareness, and comprehensive care strategies is emphasized to better understand and treat this enigmatic condition

HUMAN METABOLOMICS: STRATEGIES TO UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY

Dr. Divya Yada — 2025-02-08

Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles.The metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes.Messenger RNA (mRNA), gene expression data, and proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell,and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism.There are indeed quantifiable correlations between the metabolome and the other cellular ensembles (genome, transcriptome, proteome, and lipidome), which can be used to predict metabolite abundances in biological samples from, for example mRNA abundances.One of the ultimate challenges of systems biologyis to integrate metabolomics with all other -omics information to provide a better understanding of cellular biology.
The central principle of biology showing the flow of information from DNA to the phenotype. Associated with each stage is the corresponding systems biology tool, from genomics to metabolomics.

AROMATHERAPY – A Review

Renugaadevi R — 2025-03-27

Aromatherapy is an ancient healing practice and it mainly derived from the plant source which gained significant attention in modern complementary medicine. Essential oils are commonly extracted from steam distillation, cold pressing, are used in various applications, like inhalation, topical massage, and diffusion, to exert physiological and psychological effects. Therefore, many studies have proved that essential oils are used for anxiety relief, pain management, stress reduction, and improve our sleep. The main mechanism of action of aromatherapy, it involves olfactory stimulation, where volatile compounds interact with the limbic system of the brain, influencing our mood, memory and hormone balance. Moreover, its growing popularity, aromatherapy is not without limitations. The efficacy of essential oils varies based on purity, concentration, and method of administration. Inconsistent standardization and potential adverse effects like skin irritation and allergic reactions, necessitate proper usage guidelines. Although there are many studies which support the therapeutic usage of aromatherapy, but clinical studies are required for dosage recommendation. It’s more important that aromatic oils are diluted with carrier oils, patch testing and consultation with healthcare professionals, are essential for ensuring effective and risk- free usage. Essential oils like lavender oil (Lavandula officinalis Chaix), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita Linn.) and eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus Labill) have antiinflammatory, analgesic, and sedative properties. As a demand for natural and holistic therapies continues to rise, aromatherapy remains a promising complementary approach to health and wellness. Future research should focus on standardization, evidence- based application, and potential drug interactions to optimize the safe and effective use of aromatherapy.