NANOWIRES IN DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by the accumulation to improving therapeutic outcomes, yet current diagnostic tools are often invasive, expensive, and lack sufficient sensitivity for early-stage detection. Recent advancements of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, leading to cognitive decline and neuronal loss. Early diagnosis is critical in nanotechnologyparticularly the application of nanowireshave opened promising avenues for the development of highly sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tools for AD. Nanowires, owing to their unique one-dimensional structure, high surface-to-volume ratio, and tunable electrical and optical properties, serve as powerful platforms for biomarker detection. Various types of nanowires, including gold, silicon, carbon, and conducting polymer nanowires, have been engineered to detect AD-related biomarkers such as amyloid-beta and tau proteins through electrochemical sensing, field-effect transistor (FET) configurations, fluorescence, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Despite significant progress, challenges remain in ensuring biocompatibility, reproducibility, and clinical scalability. This review highlights the mechanisms, materials, and sensing strategies used in nanowire-based diagnostics for Alzheimer’s, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize early detection and enable more effective disease management.