"Dendrimers: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis, Properties, and Applications”

Abstract

Dendrimers are nanoscale, radially symmetrical macromolecules characterized by a highly defined, uniform, and monodisperse architecture. Structurally, they consist of a central symmetric core, surrounded by successive inner and outer layers, forming a branched, tree-like framework. In contrast to the three conventional classes of macromolecular architectures—which typically yield polydisperse products with a range of molecular weights—dendrimers offer precise molecular control. A wide array of dendrimer types has been developed, each exhibiting valuable biological properties, including polyvalency, self-assembly, electrostatic interactions, chemical stability, low cytotoxicity, and excellent solubility. These attributes collectively position dendrimers as promising candidates for numerous biomedical applications, which are thoroughly discussed in this review. The field of dendrimer chemistry represents a rapidly evolving frontier in modern chemical research. Dendrimers are distinguished by their three-dimensional, highly branched structures, multifunctionality, and unique chemical and physical behavior. These characteristics make them especially suitable for a range of advanced applications in nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and medicinal chemistry. Increasing interest from both academic and industrial sectors has fueled significant research into dendrimers and related hyperbranched polymers, largely due to their structural precision and functional versatility. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of dendrimer structures and the synthetic methodologies employed to construct them at both the laboratory and industrial scales. The synthesis strategies explored include the convergent and divergent methods, alongside more recent accelerated techniques designed to enhance efficiency and scalability.